Dhaka Grapples with Air Quality Crisis as Winter Sets In

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has once again topped global rankings for the worst air quality, as the city enters its annual winter pollution peak. Data from the Air Quality Index (AQI) recorded on Tuesday morning showed a reading of 248, categorizing the air as 'very unhealthy' and posing serious health risks to its over 20 million residents. The dense smog, often described as a 'toxic blanket,' has reduced visibility and triggered a surge in respiratory illnesses, particularly among children and the elderly.

The crisis is a recurring seasonal phenomenon, exacerbated by a combination of factors including vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, construction dust, and the burning of bricks and garbage. With the onset of cooler temperatures and lower wind speeds, pollutants become trapped near the ground, creating a thick haze that lingers over the city. According to the Department of Environment, Dhaka's air quality typically deteriorates from November to February, with PM2.5 particles—tiny pollutants that can penetrate deep into the lungs—reaching levels more than 10 times the World Health Organization's safe limit.

Local hospitals have reported a noticeable increase in patients complaining of breathing difficulties, eye irritation, and chronic coughs. Dr. Farzana Rahman, a pulmonologist at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, told reporters that emergency cases have doubled in recent weeks. 'We are seeing many patients who have no pre-existing conditions but are now struggling with acute respiratory symptoms due to the toxic air,' she said. The government has urged citizens to wear masks and avoid outdoor activities during peak hours, but enforcement remains weak, and many low-income residents cannot afford protective measures.

Environmental activists have long criticized the government for failing to implement effective long-term solutions. Despite a High Court order in 2019 to curb pollution sources, progress has been slow. The city's rapid urbanization and unregulated industrial growth continue to fuel the problem. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association has also faced pressure to reduce emissions from textile factories, which are major contributors to the city's air pollution. However, industry leaders argue that compliance with green standards is costly and could hurt exports.

Internationally, the situation in Dhaka draws attention to broader challenges faced by rapidly developing nations in South Asia. Cities like Delhi, Lahore, and Kathmandu experience similar seasonal pollution crises, raising questions about regional cooperation and global climate policies. The World Bank has estimated that air pollution costs Bangladesh over $4 billion annually in healthcare expenses and lost productivity, yet political will to address the issue remains inconsistent.

Residents, meanwhile, continue to bear the brunt. Rickshaw puller Abdul Karim, 45, said he has no choice but to work outdoors despite the burning sensation in his eyes and chest. 'I know it is dangerous, but I have to feed my family,' he lamented. As the winter deepens, Dhaka's air quality is expected to worsen before any seasonal relief arrives with the spring rains. For now, the city remains trapped under a pall of smog, with urgent calls for action growing louder but largely unanswered.